How Do Water Boilers Work Environmental Sciences Essay

How Do Water Boilers Work environmental Sciences EssayA kettle is a closed vessel in which pissing or new(prenominal) liquid is kindleed in order to generate move or vaporisation which is accordingly utilize for another(prenominal) external processes. Water is a useful and cheap medium for transferring set off to a process. When water is boiled into steam clean, its volume increases about 1600 times, generating a force that is very explosive. This idler be achieved by flame of wood, natural gas, coal or oil. Electric steam steam kettledrums on the other hand use electric resistance to produce the required heat. The chemical energy from any of these external elicit sources is converted into heat which is then transferred to the water through radiation which is the transfer of heat from a zesty body to a inhuman body without a conveying medium, conduction which involves the transfer of heat by actual physical hit and by convection, the transfer of heat by a conveyin g medium manage air or water (EuropeanCommission, 2006).Since the development of the first kettledrums in the 18th century, boilers have evolved so as to increase their talent and low-cost design as well as pay more attention to air pollutant emissions like carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride. These types of emissions depend on the type of give notice use and the load factor of the boiler. The position of a boiler is determined by the required steam mass flow rate, temperature and pressure. The tote up of insert fuel required depends on the fuel energy content and on the overall energy efficiency. A boilers performance is characterized by its steam pressure and temperature. Saturated steam is steam at boiling temperature for a given pressure, which is what most boilers produce and make use of. If more heat is supplied and the steam pressure rises to a higher place the saturation temperature at a given pressure, then the steam becomes superheated steam. This kind of steam t hough at a higher temperature, can go downwards the efficiency of the steam generating plant. If more heat is supplied to the superheated steam, it becomes supercritical steam which can be apply in power generation (USEPA, 2004).A closed boiler is iodin in which all the steam generated is returned to the vessel in form of water and is reused while an open boiler is one that does not return water to the original vessel.The boiler system comprises of three major separate which are the feed water system, the steam system and the fuel system. The feed system supplies water to the boiler and regulates it to meet the systems demands. The steam system is responsible for collection and control of the steam produced in the boiler. This system is set and checked using pressure gauges and is directed to the point of use through an in force(p) steaming system. The fuel system includes all the equipment used to generate the required heat which is dependent on the type of fuel used in the system (Hartford, 1911).There are three basic types of boilers which are used for industrial uses. These are the fire tobacco pipe, the water render and the fire box boilers. In the fire tube boilers, heat passes through the tubes which are surrounded by the water being heated. These tubes are arranged in banks so that the heat produced can pass through the vessel many times before escaping. Fire tube boilers are relatively grim in size compared to the other type of boilers.In water tube boilers, heat is made to pass through the tubes which contain the water. These tubes are then interconnected to a steam outlet for distribution to the plant system. These types of boilers are the most commonly used because they are queen-sizedr in size and can therefore withstand greater pressures and temperatures, though their initial and maintenance costs are higher.In a fire box boiler, the hot gases from the fire box which is the space where the fuel is ruin are channeled into the tubes w here they heat the water.Water is supplied to the boiler from the boiler feed water plant also know as the demineralizer plant. The demineralizer removes all salts present in the water by removal of hydrogen ions which are replaced with sulphuric acid. This water should be free of any foreign materials that could cause harm to the boiler and also decrease its performance. Some of these harmful substances include oxygen, positively charged ions of calcium, aluminum, sodium and zinc. There are also other negatively charged ions like carbonates, bicarbonates, silica and fluorides which could harm the boiler efficiency. The removal of oxygen is usually through with(p) in the de-aerator located after the ion exchanger.The de-aeration of the condensate returning from the process ensures that the water is free of oxygen bubbles that whitethorn inhibit heat transfer. In de-aeration, the dissolved gases are removed by preheating the feed water before it is allowed to enter the boiler. The r emoval of these gases is very important to the boiler equipment longevity as well as asylum of operation. De-aeration can be through with(p) by chemical de-aeration, mechanical de-aeration or both. The chemical treatment is used to remove harmful substances that could cause build up in the heat transfer equipment. The economizer is used to preheat the water entering the boiler. This helps reduce fuel cost making the boiler more efficient (Shields, 1961).The water vessel in a boiler is connected to the heat source by metallic element rods which heat the water and convert it to steam. The steam is allowed to collect in the covered stadium before exiting the boiler. The function of the dome is to force the steam to become highly condensed in order for it to exit the boiler with a volumed amount of pressure. A boiler also contains a drain which removes impurities from the water vessel and a chimney to allow heat to escape once it has passed the water vessel. It is vital for all boi lers to have safety valves in order to allow excess steam to be released in order to prevent explosions.The heart of a boiler is a pressure vessel which is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure. This pressure vessel is usually made of steel or wrought iron. This pressure is obtained from an substantiating source or from the application of heat from a direct or indirect source. If not powerful maintained, boilers can be a source of serious injuries and can lead to huge losses in form of property destruction. Thin and brittle metals that make up some parts of the boiler could transportation or poorly welded seams could open up leading to violent eruptions of the pressurized steam. Collapsed boiler tubes could also spray the hot steam they contain into the air injuring the around (Reeves, 2001).Even with the best pretreatment programs, boiler feed water oft contain some degree of impurities which normally accumulate in the boiler. The increasing accumul ation of dissolved solids may lead to carry over of boiler water into the steam which may cause damage to the piping system as well as the process equipment. These suspended solids could also lead to the formation of grievous bodily harm which will lead to a reduction of the boiler efficiency as well as it s heat transfer capability.In order to avoid these problems, water should often be discharged from the boiler in order to control the concentrations of the suspended and dissolved solids in the boiler. Discharging of the surface water is usually done in order to get rid of the dissolved solids while the discharging of bottom water is done in order to remove the sludge from the bottom of the boiler.Boiler botch down i.e. discharge of water from the boiler is a very important aspect of the boiler maintenance. Lack of proper blow down can lead to increase fuel consumption, extra chemical treatments for the boiler as well as increased heat loss. Also, since the blow down water has the same temperature as the boiler water, it can be reused in the boiler operations once removed. However, excessive blow down can lead to wastage of water, energy and treatment.The both major types of boiler blow downs are intermittent and continuous blow down. Intermittent blow down is done by manually fitting a valve at the bottom of the boiler which is removes the unwanted parameters. It requires large short-term increases in the amount of feed water put into the boiler which leads to a substantial amount of heat energy being lost. Alternatively, continuous blow down involves the steady and constant dispatch of small stream of concentrated boiling water being replaced with steady and constant inflow of feed water.The divers(a) energy efficiency opportunities in a boiler system can be related to combustion, heat transfer, water quality, avoidable losses and blow down. To maximize a boilers efficiency, the stack temperature should be designed to be as low as possible. Neverthele ss, it should not be very low such that water vapor in the exhaust condenses on the stack walls. Automatic blow down controls that sense and respond to the boiler water conductivity and pH should be installed in order to reduce uncontrolled continuous blow down. In oil and coal fired boilers, soot should be removed as it acts as an nonconductor against heat transfer.

Product Profile of a Plastic Shopping Bag (HDPE)

Product Profile of a Plastic shop Bag (HDPE)Samantha PearsonPlastic shopping bags/ lean bags be subroutined extensively in forthwiths world. They be produced in many divergent sizes and glosss, determined by its take and marketing campaign of the purchasing firm/industry. Carry bags atomic number 18 do of formative that is flexible and relatively tough1. The plastic is identified as High assiduity poly thereforee (HDPE), indicated by the Voluntary Plastic Container coding System2 (used to identify different plastics for recycling) on the carry bag itself. High tautness polythene is listed as 2 on the coding system2.How HDPE is made polyethylene is made of monomers of ethylene. Monomers of ethylene are obtained from petroleum by a cinch process or by modifying natural gas such as methane or ethane3. polyethylene domiciliate be made into three different types of polymers under different conditions, namely High density polyethylene, Low assiduousness Polyethylene (LDP E) and Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE). High Density Polyethylene is produced from petroleum and under impression pressure conditions (pressure of about 10-80atm) 3 whereas Low Density Polyethylene is produced under high pressure conditions.At the higher(prenominal) end of the low pressure and higher temperatures (about 80atm and 60-200C) a Phillips throttle valve is used to create an dynamical site for polymerisation6. The process that uses the Phillips particle accelerator is know as the Phillip Process. The Phillips process was made industrial by Phillips Petroleum go with in 19614. A Phillips accelerator is a highly active catalyst made of chromium oxide on silica with a high get up domain of a function. The active site is the chromium carbon bond where the transitional surface (chromium) oxidation state is reduced by a reaction with alkene (a synthetic fibre made from polyethylene) 5 which set outs the active site to a greater extent reactive4. A Phillips cat alyst is prepared before it enters the reactor payable to the complexity of the silica support that needs to be the correct structure for optimum polymerisation5. In a Phillips process plant an ethylene feed sprout is supply into a reactor with a stream of diluted pre-made catalyst. polymerization takes place in the reactor and exits as a slurry. The slurry is then desiccated and pellets are collected at the end4. The advantage of the Phillips process is that the catalyst does non suck up to be deactivated or removed from the slurry as the silica bum increases the activity of the catalyst and all of the catalyst reacts with the monomer ethylene4. Polyethylene with less leg is produced in this process when compared to the Zeigler Natta catalyst process4.At the lower end of the low pressure and lower temperature (about 1-10atm and 60-70C) a Ziegler Natta catalyst is used6. A Ziegler Natta catalyst is a combination of a transition metal compound from Groups IV to septenary and a co-catalyst made of an organometallic compound from Groups I to III. In general titanium tetrachloride or titanium (III) chloride and a trialkylaluminum is used7. The catalyst, like the Phillips catalyst, also needs a support with high surface area magnesium chloride, magnesium chloride or silica as they maximise the surface area and therefore the active sites on the catalyst7. The Zeigler Natta catalyst is prepared in the same reactor as the polymerisation occurs4. In this process an ethylene feed stream is fed into a reactor with feed streams of metal alkyls and Group IV to VI metals (Titanium) forming the catalyst on its support in the reactor. Slurry exits the reactor where the catalyst is deactivated (to upset chains reacting together which cargo areas the molecular pitch distribution fairly constant). The slurry is then dried and power is collected at the end4.In industry today High Density Polyethylene is produced by slurry polymerisation with a silica base catalyst an d the Phillips process is used more often than the Ziegler Natta catalyst process4.Polymerisation MechanismPolymerisation occurs as a free al-Qaeda chain-growth reactions. Chain growth reactions occur as successive linking of monomer molecules to the end of the suppuration chain8 and occur in three grades.Stage one is the initiation demonstrate where a radical reacts with ethylene to produce a monomer radical to run the reaction8R + H2C=CH2 R-H2C-H2C 1.1The rate of initiation is defined by the rate comparability 1.2Where f is the initiator efficiency, I is the molar tightfistedness of the initiator and M is the total tautness of all the chain radicals and kd is the rate constant9.Stage two is the propagation stage where monomer radical adds to an separate(prenominal) monomer radical. The active centre moves to the end of the chain constantly and there is only one active centre at a given time8R-H2C-H2C + H2C=CH2 R-H2C-H2C-H2C-H2C1.3The rate of propagation is defined by th e rate equality 1.4Stage three is the termination stage where chain growth is finish either by two radicals adding together or disproportionation where an atom transfers to another chain9. The rate of termination is defined by the rate equation 1.5The general structure of High Density Polyethylene isFigure 1 social organization of Polyethylene10Figure 2 Structural Formula of Polyethylene10Morphology of HDPE and how it suits a carry bag applicationHigh Density Polyethylene is very a few(prenominal) short branches, if any. This results in the polymer existence more crystalline than amorphous and in some areas of the polymer, it may be crystalline. The glass transition temperature (when the material becomes amorphous) of HDPE is -100C and the melting transition temperature (when the material turns to a liquid phase) is 130C11. These temperatures stag HDPE an ideal polymer to make carry bags out of as the temperature that it is used in is never/rarely over and below these ranges. HDPE has signifi evoketly different properties to other polymers made in similar ways (LDPE and LLDPE). HDPE is flexible, translucent, and weatherproof a proper resistance to chemicals, relatively tough (has a tensile attitude of 0.20-0.40 N/mm2)1. HDPE has a thermal coefficient of expansion of 100-20010-6 and a density of between 0.944 and 0.965g/cm3.1The properties above are all suited for the application of High Density Polyethylene carry bags. A good tensile strength allows for relatively intemperately objects to be placed into the bag without it finishing, small amounts of heat does not counter stir its properties, it is weatherproof, allowing it to get wet with no changes to its properties, the flexibility allows for easy use, storage and functionality whereby it can be crop to create handles. A translucent appearance allows for it the plastic to be coloured as the produces seem fit which they can use for advertising purposes and make the final product aesthetically ap pealing if its purpose needs to be.How the finished product is madeHigh Density Polyethylene pellets are sold by the firm that owns the plant to a maker that produces plastic shopping bags/carry bags. The pellets are melted and mixed until they are completely homogenous mixture. The mixture is then heated to above 350C in a furnace12. The melted mixture vaporises into a tube made of the same mixture (but solid) situated above the furnace and gradually cools down the higher up the tube the vapour gets, where it condenses. Rollers flatten out the tube resulting in a film subdue HDPE. While in the twineing area of the process, the film is cut to the desired/required thickness and collected on a roll. The thickness of the roll of thin plastic film is myrmecophilous on the manufacturing specifications (each roll roughly produces 35000 bags12) and is cut and a new roll starts forming automatically.The completed roll moves onto printing, where the thin film gets a specific colour/patte rn dependent on the consumer. Alcohol based ink (which has to keep flowing to retain its viscosity rate to ensure the same c oncentration is used and all the bags are identical) is used to print on these thin films12. Ink is transferred onto the film by ink rollers. Once printing is done, it is once again rolled up.The printed film then moves to another department where it is cut into the specified sizes and a machine with a punch, punches holes on the one emplacement to make handles. And a sealing machine binds the edges of the bag together through heat12.Additives added to the final productIn some cases to increase the tensile strength of the plastic (for heavy duty carry bags), Low Density Polyethylene may be added to the pellets of HDPE during the melting stage12. Alcohol based ink is added to give the product aesthetic appeal. Biodegradable additives such as prodegradant concentrates (PDCs) 13 which are metal compounds which help the oxidation process of degrading plastic, ad ded to make plastic bags more environmentally friendly. overdue to the application of the product, additives such as UV stabilisers are not needed and plasticisers are not needed due to the flexibility property HDPE already has.Alternative materials to make the productDue to polymers being an environmental hazard, shopping bags/carry bags have been made with chocolate-brown paper (paper bags). However this does not have the desired properties as they break easily and are not weatherproof and they do not have any chemical resistance to them.Advantages of using HDPEHigh Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is a polyethylene thermoplastic. Thermoplastics soften, when heated, to a liquid and flow and harden, when cooled, to a solid. They can undergo this heating and cooling cycle (curing process) which little to no change in the final product the process is reversible as no chemical bonds are formed or broken14. This results in the plastic being easily recycled.The product can be aestheticall y modified.Remoulding and reshaping can be done to them14.Weatherproof and chemically resistantHigh-impact resistanceLight weightDisadvantages of using HDPEHDPE is not biodegradable. Due to their light weight they can nose candy away in the wind and travel relatively far, causing befoulment and many environmental hazards to living organisms.If heated they will meltThermoplastics fly the coop to me more expensive than thermosets14Recycling HDPE needs an economic incentive as it can be more expensive to recycle plastic than to make new ones2.ReferencesBritish Plastics Federation. (2015). Polyethylene (High Density) HDPE. forthcoming http//www.bpf.co.uk/plastipedia/polymers/HDPE.aspx. give out accessed 2015/05/20.P Gaylard. (2009). razz 1. Polymer Science. University of Witwatersrand. p. 5, 27.P Lepoutre. The Manufacture of Polyethylene. getable http//nzic.org.nz/ChemProcesses/polymers/10J.pdf. Last accessed 2015/05/20.Buffalo School. High Density Polyethylene. Available http//w wwcourses.sens.buffalo.edu/ce435/Polyethylene/CE435Kevin.htm. Last accessed 2015/05/20.KBR. (2015). Olefins. Available http//www.kbr.com/Technologies/Olefins/. Last accessed 2015/05/20.P Gaylard. (2009). lecture 10. Polymer Science. University of Witwatersrand. p. 3.P Gaylard. (2009). Lecture 8. Polymer Science. University of Witwatersrand. p. 9-12.P Gaylard. (2009). Lecture 2. Polymer Science. University of Witwatersrand. p. 3.P Gaylard. (2009). Lecture 6. Polymer Science. University of Witwatersrand. p. 23-33.Macrog. Polyethylene. Available http//pslc.ws/macrog/pe.htm Last accessed 2015/05/20.Michigan State University. (2013). Polymers. Available http//www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/polymers.htm. Last accessed 2015/05/20. stripping Channel (2010). How its made Plastic Bag Episode. Available https//www.youtube.com/ mention?v=8CfL5xl2N1Q Last Accessed 2015/05/20Maria Trimarchi Vicki M. Giuggio. (2009). Top 10 Eco-friendly Substitutes for Plastic. Available http/ /science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-tech/sustainable/5-plastic-substitutes.htmpage=3. Last accessed 2015/05/20Mordor Plastics. (2015). Thermosets vs Thermoplastics. Available http//www.modorplastics.com/thermoset-vs-thermoplastics. Last accessed 2015/05/20.2015

Tata Motors Capture Increase Market Share In India Marketing Essay

Tata Motors Capture Increase Market Sh ar In India Marketing EssayThe acquisition of the two global brands- Jaguar and belt down wanderer acts in a crucial way to increase and break dance the brand temper and the quality of products for Tata Motors. It provides plenty of opportunity to the Indian consumer and the evolution Indian automobile look intoet tush withal help the engross of brands in the long. It give the bounce reap economies of scale with component sourcing and disordered cost engineering.WeaknessWith incompatible product portfolios for some(prenominal) brands it will be a challenging task ahead to market the aforementioned(prenominal) in the price sensitive Indian market. But this could be overcome through proper market research. Another concern is the diminishing image repayable to the continued losses and a de motivated work force collectable to the multifariousness in management. With right training and incentives and proper selling strategies the play along can convert these negatives to strengths.OpportunitiesThis launch is a capital opportunity for the Indian client and target the growing Indian market. Automobile market is develop in India and placed with launch of Nano, Tata Motors will be in a good position capture a larger sh are of the market.Threatsincrease fuel prices combined with global meltdown will be a challenge for the social club to stay afloat and over come the losses. In addition the strong competition can threaten the expected gross r dismantleue of the caller-out. However the inherent financial and managerial strength of the conglomerate should be able to let the company withstand the challenges and move ahead. A danger that remains is that with the innovative ownership international brand loyalties whitethorn change and customers may move towards other models in the market.Ansoff MatrixThe Ansoff Matrix is an analytical tool that helps managers to devise their product and market fruit strategie s. It consists of four growth strategies namely- Market penetration, Market Development under new and existing and markets AND product development, Diversification under new and existing products.2Ansoff Matrix-Existing product innovative productExisting marketMarket penetrationThis schema mainly applies for those line of descentes that focus on selling existing products in the existing markets. It is a low- risk strategy and helps to increase the market share of its current products.3 divulgeput developmentThis strategy involves businesses aiming to sell new products in existing markets. This strategy is similarly a reason for acquiring another company as the costs of run lowing another company can be deliver and different types of customers can be catered. This strategy is also useful for businesses utilise brand expansion strategies.4New marketMarket DevelopmentThis order serves for those businesses that apply the strategy of selling existing products into newer markets .5Such techniques are utilise by businesses that plan to expand their business and attain higher customer base.DiversificationIt refers to the high risk growth strategy that involves a business marketing new products in new markets. Parent companies can pull ahead from having a presence in a range of products and markets in different regions of the world.6Market Penetration-Tata could continue with the same strategy that it had adopted for the UK for the rest of world. The estate, coupe and decipherable saloon models of Jaguar and the Freelander and frame spider sport of cut Rover selling in the existing markets UK can help them to gain salary and increase in sales in other markets due to the reputation of the brands.For the new models that are planned to launch, promoting and advertising can be a good choice for the loyals to maintain their position in the market and to describe more consumers and build customer loyalty. Tata Indica and other commercial vehicles like Tata peg are examples of Tatas market penetration strategy that exist in the existing markets and are still earning them great profits.Market DevelopmentTata Motors expect applied this strategy to this launch plan as they are already beginning to sell the most famous and highly appreciated products of both the brands such as the XF, XK and XJ models of Jaguar and Defender, Discovery, Range Rover Sport and Range Rover models of Land Rover in the Indian market that is on the whole new for both the firms. Also, while the other long and short-term plans are being strategized, these products can help the firm to have a great introduction to the market and the reviews can help the business in cookery for their future types of products. Establishing popularity and brand loyalty with successful products can be a good option for the firm to begin with in India.Product Development-Tata Motors are founding the smallest motorcar the famed Tata Nano in the Indian markets which is a new product by the firm and launched in existing markets of India and other countries where Tata Motors operate. This car can be useful for the firm as they can good generate profits through this product as well as their brand name. Also, the firm can compete with other businesses in the same market with the help of these products. Tata Starbus and Tata Xover are other new products that have been launched by Tata Motors in India and other existing markets of Tata Motors.Diversification-The new products planned by Tata Motors through the Jaguar and Land Rover brands can be categorized in diversification. The company plans of manufacturing hybrid, electric and bio-fuels based and environmental friendly cars with the help of up-to-the-minute technology through both of these brands which can be useful in boosting the brand image of the firm. Also, there may be an increase in the profits of the firm as the hybrid cars are said to be the future of automobiles in order to save the earth from polluti on. These new products launched in the new markets of India and others can be termed as diversified strategy of the firm. Tata Nano can also be included in this strategy as it is also a new product and is planned to be launched into new markets of African and Asian countries.Asset led marketingAsset led marketing is a strategy that is adopted by the business for the sales of their products or go. Here, the firm uses its intangible assets for introducing a new product in the market. Tata Motors is a well- establish and well-known firm and a part of the parent company Tata and Sons. Thus, in order to launch its products or services in the market and start off with immediate sales and profits, Tatas can use this which may even be applicable for introduction the two automobile brands. Tata Motors have been in the news for past several months due to the launch of the worlds cheapest car in India- Tata Nano manufactured by their own company. Simultaneously launching two brands can help Tatas in gaining a lot of customer attention and consequently a larger customer base. The well established and elegant brands with the giant prestige of Tata Motors can help the firms in garnering enormous amounts of profits and gaining control over their competitors.Evaluation The biggest advantage of this acquisition is that the firm energy see an increase in sales of the cars due to both firms intercontinental luxury brand reputation and also due to the services and quality provided by the cars.But at the same time, the number of competitors in the booming automobile market of India has increased and finding their way out to satisfy the customers with different marketing strategies can be very dear(p) for the firm.Tata Motors can implement various strategies such as advertising and also, various schemes can be used which guarantee consumer satisfaction and can also render to be a part of customer attraction. These strategies can prove to be useful in boosting the brand ima ge and the sales of the company as well.Short- term problems faced by the firm may be the recovering of the costs that has been put into the acquisition and the launch of Jaguar and Land Rover cars. The high manufacturing costs of Tata Motors, Jaguar and Land Rover might prove to be another reason for the losses in the accounts of the Tata Motors. The long-term problems can be an increase in competition as the Indian automobile market is developing at a rapid rate. If the company suffers losses, then there might be the need for job redundancies, thus leading to worker de-motivation.ConclusionTo conclude, the acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover brands may be risky due to the global slowdown that Tata Motors with its brand name and established presence in India can survive in the long run.Tata Group, a huge multinational giant worldwide can capitalize through cross-subsidization. I think that by promoting the products and launching it along with Tata Nano will be useful as each can be a backup for the other in the future. The workforce can be motivated through good learning experience as they may have access to the technology used in manufacturing these superior cars but at the same time, if the products fail to create a mark on customers, the workers may feel insecure as job redundancies may be adopted by Tata Motors to struggle with their own financial portfolio.Bibliography-http//uk.reuters.com/ term/idUKTRE55R0LK20090628?pageNumber=2virtualBrandChannel=0http//www.autoblogs.in/2009/06/tata-jaguar-land-rover-launch-india.htmlhttp//free-sms-mms.blogspot.com/2009/06/tata-jaguar-land-rover-launched-in.htmlhttp//www.zeenews.com/news542730.htmlhttp//sify.com/finance/fullstory.php?id=14790692http//www.businessworld.in/index.php/In-The-News/Rough-Roads-Ahead.htmlhttp//business.outlookindia.com/inner.aspx?articleid=1225subcatgid=611editionid=36catgid=44http//www.tata.in/media/reports/inside.aspx?artid=r8CuZiHSZ2o=http//money.rediff.com/companies/tata-motors-ltd/10 510008/profit-and-losshttp//www.moneycontrol.com/financials/tatamotors/profit-loss/TM03http//www.moneycontrol.com/financials/tatamotors/balance-sheet/TM03http//www.moneycontrol.com/financials/tatamotors/ratios/TM03http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Motors

Impact of The Children’s Act 2014 on Child Healthy Eating

shock absorber of The Childrens Act 2014 on Child Healthy EatingThe Childrens Act 2014In 2003 a government initiative was launched in England and Wales. electronic countermeasures (every minor matters) was in response to the death of capital of Seychelles Climbie.Victoria Climbie was an eight-spot years old girl who was tortured and murdered by her guardians. Victoria didnt have a effectual spiritednessstyle which led to her tragic death. A public enquiry was led and major changes had taken smudge in child protection policies. Although her guardians were charged, new laws would mean in that respect would be no repetition in the future.The five points for every child matters. taking into custody safeHealthEnjoy and achieveEconomic headspring creationPositive constructionECM sells those with disabilities (up to the age of 24), children and young adults (up to the age of 19.)A muscular carriagestyle is making virtuosos feature biography happy. Its not just eating respecta ble food and exercising un little includes mental and social salutary creation. A healthy lifestyle is very master(prenominal) for both(prenominal) adults and children. If pargonnts eat, sleep and live healthy then the children depart explicate the same habits which undoubtedly will go forth a child to sire up healthy and happy. It is in addition the right of every child to be able to live a healthy lifestyle in site for them to achieve positive outcomes in their future.In order for a some t stripek to live a healthy lifestyle and prevent degenerative illness, they should ride to eat healthy food, figure out regularly and maintain a healthy BMI.ExerciseFor healthy growth and development of babies, toddlers and preschool being personally dynamic is very of import for their health and to prevent illnesses.Exercising is very important to maintain a healthy lifestyle for both children and adults, if p arnts integrate into their own lives this will then follow through to the future generations.BabiesEncourage babies from get to play on the floor, this will lead to head movements, pulling, pushing and movements of personify and limbs, and this is a pricey form of daily exercise. (CDC)ToddlersThree hours is the recommended time, for children who walk on their own as daily exercise. Rolling nearly, running and skipping atomic number 18 activities they could do, check still to encourage children, to play ball games, chasing and climbing frames because these activities argon lift out for this age group.Parents should avoid taking cars to school and encourage children to walk as a daily exercise. Other effective methods like swimming, parks or general cleaning potty be done as a family. (Web MD)BMI (body mass index)BMI is a substance of seeing if your heaviness is appropriate for your height. in the main the naughtyer youre BMI the gamble of medical illnesses is also higher.BMI under 18.5 is considered underweight, it could be someone is jus t slim, but if due to poor diet and nutrients it evoke lead to illnesses such as anaemia, bone thinning and infertility18.5-24.9 is regular you are having the right amount of calories for your activities25-29.9 is overweight this could increase developing stroke, CHD, diabetesThe way to calculate BMI is by dividing your weight in kilograms by your height in square metre.57 / (1.31.3) =33.73 overweight Weight height squared BMI40/ (1.51.5) =17.78 underweightAdults and children have different charts to work out BMI, as in adults there is no difference in males and females but in children there is. (Bupa)Healthy EatingHealthy eating is the third element of a healthy lifestyle. Meals should include food from all the different food groups so adults and children have an intake of all the different nutrients, vitamins and minerals for all around goodness.At meal times children observing the parents eat healthy food, will postulate the children to share and explore the same food. As pare nts are the main carers of children from birth, of course the same eating habits will appear in the child.Carbohydratesrice, pasta, potatoesOther buckram foodsEnergy, persona vitamins. IronEffective bowel functionProteinMilk, meat, fish, eggs, cheeseProtein, zinc iron, B vitaminsRep transport and growth of the body cells. Healthy bones ingathering and vegetablesAll fresh fruit and vegetables, peas ,beans, sweet cornVitamins A,C E, foliate and fibreExcellent source of fibre, assist with a healthy weight fatty(un complete(a)) olives, sunflower oil, salmon, fresh tuna, nutsLowering cholesterol(saturated)crisps, oil, lard, chips, sweetsVitamin AD intrinsic plump outty acids, energyenergySugarsSugar, jam. honey, juiceVitamin ADenergyFat has cardinal categories saturated and unsaturated, saturated fat mess lead to coronary heart disease, it increases cholesterol. Unsaturated fat is more beneficial as it lowers cholesterol in the blood.Sugary foods such as chocolates, fizzy drinks should be eaten little frequently and less in quantity as it could lead to weight gain and tooth decay.An unhealthy lifestyle keister buoy cause galore(postnominal) illnesses. continuing illness is a long term illness which usually crumbnot be reversed, it means having to adjust to the illness which may cause disruption to ones life. M both things will change i.e. the way we live our life and how we relate to new(prenominal)s. A chronic illness can misrepresent life stressful.Common chronic illnessesStroke-this is when blood supply has cut off to the startle of the brain, necessary oxygen doesnt reach the brain. Cancer-there are over two hundred types of cancer and it effect different body parts, cancerous cells can grow and reproduce uncontrollably destroying healthy tissues around organs and other parts of the body.Diabetes-there are two types of diabetes. Type 1 is when body doesnt produce all insulin at all and type 2 when the body doesnt produce enough insulin. Type 2 is usually piece in old(a) people. Not following the dietary rules can lead to eye problems and foot ulcers and more illnesses.Coronary heart disease- coronary arteries are blocked by fattening substances which stop the blood flowing to the heart, this can be caused by high saturated diet and smoking, its the biggest killer whale in the UK.High blood pressure (hypertension),-Around 30% of people in England have high blood pressure, blood is pressed against the walls of your arteries to pump around the body, if pressure is high that means there is a great deform on the arteries. If treatment is not done this could lead to stroke or heart disease.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (coped)-this is when the airways have contract ca using the person not being able to breath, most in all probability cause can be smoking although fumes dust and air can cause this but very rare.(NHS)A number of risk factors can be the root to the above diseasesPhysical inactiveness We ask to en courage the young to be active.SmokingUnhealthy diet high amounts of saturated fat, sugar and salt can be harmful.Large habit of alcoholAn unhealthy lifestyle is more liable(predicate) to increase chronic illness, a person may have family history and so may be born into it, some illnesses are particularly to age grammatical gender or ethnic groups, nevertheless treatment and advice can be tending(p) to decrease the symptoms by following the healthy lifestyleInactivity can lead to poor health and chronic illnesses. Obesity in children is on the increase over the years. Unhealthy food in addition to inactivity has been a cause of this, there has been a fourfold increase in children and teenagers with obesity related illnesses.Surveys in England conclude that 3 in 2-15year olds are overweightHighest take aims of obesity were found in older children, and those children with higher level of obesity lacked in physical exercise. Therefore exercise from young can reduce and reverse chro nic illnesses like heart disease and diabetes.(BBC)Children who are obese from a young age or have parents that are overweight will result in being overweight when older. The strike diet is known to be in the poorer families as they have less variety in healthy food because food which has high saturated fat and salt will be cheaper. (Faculty of public Health)Activities for young children yeasty ActivitiesActivities can be done both indoors and outdoors. Other than physical activities, activities which bring out the imagination of children should also be encouraged, a draw or a pen can write stories and draw pictures, these pictures can tell a lot of what children are thinking and feeling frankincense enhancing good emotional considerably being for children.Needle work and cookery are also good ways of making children active, i.e. baking pizza, using different vegetables and vibrant coloured vegetables like green stream, red pepper and sweet corn. Meals including different veget ables like a Sunday meal or a plate of fresh and different fruits, ranging in colours and shapes will bring the attention of the child making eating times healthy plus encouraging family time.(Childrenssociety)Activities done as a family will also be a positive step towards a good well beingPhysical ActivitiesIn todays world, internet, games and mobiles has made children inactive, academic session doesnt burn of food. Physical activity whether in the form of exercise or play is vital for children to grow up healthy, mental well being is also important.Depending on age, children under 5 should have at to the lowest degree 3 hours of physical play daily, as long as they can walk unaided. Children over 5 should have at least 1 hour of exercise daily.Parents should make time for walks and playing in the garden, maybe even extending visits to the local parks, forest and cities. Older children would most likely prefer football, basketball and dance as all these include other children. T his will help increase confidence and support social well being.Local councils and libraries offer quite a lot of activities and ideas for children.Well beingWellbeing means the quality of life there are many factors to determine wellbeing i.e. Income, background, health and education. Well being also cover how a persons life is emotionally, physically and socially as well as many other things.The root to wellbeing is the home, expression at whether parents are happy, confident and able to tackle everyday tasks and problems as well as providing a loving home.Arguments and confrontation should be avoided in the as this can be detrimental to a Childs well being.Routines and symmetry doesnt mean strict but gives a sense of stability, responsibleness and safety to the child. Children will learn through trial and error, let the child learn through their own actions and mistakes and should they be punished make it fire up as to what the punishment is for, but consistency in rules has to be there.(wiki How) winning time out to engage in conversation with children is vital they indispensableness to be listened to by a parent or even an older loved one. The child will yield up to any problems or difficulty because the love and attention is there leading to a good emotional well being.(wiki How)A child care centre is where a child is happy and comfortable to be able to open up about feelings of happiness or sadness leading to show any signs of difficulties or problems, this should be evaluated on a regular basis. The carer needs to make the sure the environment produces this atmosphere of safety, love and care and encourages trust.Places like school, nurseries and playgroup run number of sessions to help and support parents raising families. Parenting can be bad and at times, stressful. Just as its important for children to have a good wellbeing it is also important for parents.Parents can also open up here, talking to round and relating to other parents that at tend, this will help any anxieties, stress or problems there may be.These are trained staff who are experts in this field. The centres are nationwide, some are free and are provided by the government to support families some charge money.A healthy lifestyle is very important for a happy and content life, both mental and physical well being is important.Reference list (Online net Resources)BBC.BUPA.Childrenssociety.CDC Healthy Living.Faculty Of Public Health.NHSWEBMDWiki How

The Strategy Of Managing Human Resources

The Strategy Of Managing Human ResourcesStrategy of managing human preference refers to the how ADIDAS treat and get it on the employees. With the strategies ADIDAS fit to maintain the loyal of employees to the ADIDAS and the pass oningness of employees to do the firmly patronage in prepare to enhance the productivity of the organization. Furtherto a greater extent, employees are the national customer of ADIDAS. So, ADIDAS need to satisfies the employees before satisfies the external customer. External customers refer to the tribe that purchase the product produce by ADIDAS. When the internal customers of the giving medication satisfies the manipulation of the organisation the external customers similarly pull up stakes satisfies the product of ADIDAS. The next set off of this assignment leave alone discuss the strategies that ADIDAS use.2.1) Talent attentionTalent attention refers to retain the employee in the ADIDAS. So, ADIDAS use this scheme to develop the old employees that amaze the opportunities to their dealer. By using this strategy ADIDAS able to hold the quality employees pose in the organisation and make up the loyalty of the employees. Besides that, talent attention likewise include recruitment. kick upstairsment refers to the process of recruit and selecting the pendant new quite a little that in order fit to the job2.2) Employee-oriented leadingEmployee-oriented leadership refers to the communication between the manager and the subordinates. By using this strategy ADIDAS able to know the employees need and want. This is because this strategy consists of employee feedback system. Employees feedback system refers to the atonement level of the employees to the job. The employees are the internal customers of the organisation, when the employees satisfy their job the productivity of the organisation go out automaticall(a)y subjoin. This is because the organisation enforcen a well(p) environs to the employees in or der to satisfy the employees and the employees go out do the hard job to the organisation to as the repay to the organisation.2.3) RemunerationRemuneration means the wage of the employees get month by month. The salary related to market need and writ of execution level. That means ADIDAS set the salary according with market compulsion and performance level. The ADIDAS on time pay the salaries in order to give the good reputation of the organisation. When the organisation do not delay salaried the salaries to the employees the employees impart loyal to the organisation this is because the employees go out feel the safety in the organisation to work.2.4) BonusIn ADIDAS the remuneration consists of bonus. In ADIDAS the individual performance will related to the remuneration. Bonus means the company pay trim money to the employees to spark the employees. The main purpose of given bonus is to motivate the employees. Motivation is psychological process giving behaviour purpose a nd direction (Kreitner,2009, p.369 ). By given the bonus the employees will put more labour and hardship to the job.2.5) Long-term incentive programmes (LTIP)This is specialising for senior manager, this is three year plans establish on the contactment of financial as thoroughly as compliance target. So the senior manager that achieves the long-term target of the company will get the bonus. The bonus was depended on the organisation whether the bonus is money or others benefit.2.6) Performance managementPerformance management is a feedback for the management team. The management team will observe to the employees in order to take care the employees and if the employee does not do well in the jobs the management team will send the employee go to training. Furthermore, certain employee did well in their job will get promoted. So, in this strategy the employee able to learn and get the good by giving the benefit and training.Furthermore, ADIDAS always looking for the potential empl oyees so, ADIDAS will observe the performance of each employees and give the opportunities to get promote. Besides that, ADIDAS also observe the people that innovative and creative. This is because ADIDAS need the peoples that contain the high idea people to give the idea to produce the design of the product. So ADIDAS will observe about it and pick the people that have the potential science switch to the creation and innovation team. ADIDAS found that the people who are having antithetical backgrounds, perspectives and skills can make the best team in order to achieve the maximum creation of the design on the product. Before ADIDAS forming the potential employees into a team, ADIDAS will send the employees to training. This is because the team need contains the different imagination, perception and cultivation. This is because ADIDAS is a global organisation within the different perception can built up a multi-skill team. With this the ADIDAS can manage many another(prenominal) of the country culture and habit in order to product suitable product to the humanity.2.7) Work-life symmetryWork-life balance is flexible working moment. Flexible time is a programming policy in which full-time employees may choose starting and shutting times within guideline specified by the organisation ( Raymond A. Noe, Barry Gerhart, Patrick M. Wright, fanny R. Hollenbeck, 2009, p.106). Every employees quality of life should be improved by working to the organisation. So ADIDAS have the responsibility to address flexible working hour. The main purpose of work-life balance is give harmonise of the private and family call for to the employees. So the organisation was think about the benefit of the employees. Furthermore, this strategy able to give the employees a comfortable working hour and with the harmonise family the employees will put more effort in the working hour. As an ideal the working hour is 8 hours per day. The employees can select their working hour in the day and the lump sum of the working hour 8 hours. If the employee starts working at 1100AM so the employee leave the organisation in 1900 PM.RecommendationADIDAS was looking the professional as the members of the families. ADIDAS treat the employees as their families members, care about the private sector of the employees. So, ADIDAS able to perform well in the market. ADIDAS doing these because ADIDAS was found that when the employees happy the productivity of the organisation will increase rapidly. As the comment to the ADIDAS, ADIDAS should recruit the people that from others competitor. Recruit the quality people from the competitors can decrease the productivity of the competitor and increase the productivity of own. Recruit the quality peoples from competitors is the good ways to find the potential employees if the organisation was wish of such potential employees.Furthermore, the organisation also need to prevent the self employees go the others organisation. For this, ADID AS was did well this is because ADIDAS consist of flexible of working hour, talent management and performance management. These strategies might gain up the loyalty of the employees in order to prevent the employees leave the organisation and work with competitors.ConclusionsThe strategies use by ADIDAS was start out to giving the benefit to the employees and always think of the employees so, the loyalty of the employees will build up automatically. After that, ADIDAS provides a lots of benefits to the employees by the way the employees will be motivated and the case of absenteeism is very low. When the employees interesting to work, the productivity of the organisation will automatically enhanced. When the productivity was increase the profit of the organisation also will increase so the organisation able to pay more to the employees. When the organisation pays more to the employees the employees will be motivated.Finally, ADIDAS is a very good organisation that works in ADIDAS, the benefits provides by the organisation was attractive to all the employees. So, the benefits not only giving to the employees but also give the public know that ADIDAS such organisation and work with ADIDAS is suck happy and satisfy. on that point were the ways and style ADIDAS manage the human resource. ADIDAS was known that when good manage in human resource the benefit to the organisation will increase automatically such as productivity. Lastly, ADIDAS is a nice organisation that consists of many benefit to the employees and hopefully ADIDAS can do better in afterlife and the comment would help ADIDAS be a better organisation.

Theoretical Perspectives Within Psychology

Theoretical Perspectives inwardly psychological scienceShowing a greater understanding for the antithetical suppositious perspectives at bottom psychological science, bets the psychologist or scientist closer in understanding the complexity of gentleman temperament and the variety of personalities in spite of appearance edict. This paper exit direction on 6 of the perspectives stick out appendix 1 for a list of theoretical perspectives.The diametric theoretical perspectives of psychology keep back come to exist through the excogitates of dissimilar schools of popular opinions, who oblige worked on assessing conductal patterns as well as valet de chambre nature. Each of these surface argonas concord foc utilise on the byzantine homophilese idea in a number of different ways, through the process of employing a set about of methods to analyse the brain and human headway. This has revealed remarkable details of the different human personalities. iodine of the important theoretical perspectives is cognise as the cognitive set about/Learning. This subject argona has been influenced by John Watson and his Baby Al audition, Skinners musk turtle experiments (operant conditioning) and Albert Banduras companionable cognitive speculation and experiments. Because the cognitive advancement is scientific, psychologists at heart this field typic eithery use laboratory experiments under strictly controlled conditions, to pick out appearance, which critics represent overlook ecological validity. deportmentists confuse criticised the cognitive approach, because they consider individuals be innate(p)(p) a blank slate, and non with cognitive functions the likes of perception and memory. Fin in bothy, it does not always coif importance on the physical and environ kind factors when find out deportment, like biologic psychology and behaviourism do. In the 1960s Albert Bandura detect that discipline is some measure possible witho ut reinforcement, if the learner observes the behaviour of other(a)s and imitate it.Psychodynamics, proposed by Sigmund Freud, came to exist to describe the processes of the mind as flows of psychological energy within a complex brain. Freuds theories were clinically derived, as they were found on what his unhurrieds told him during therapy. This scene of action studies the interrelationship surrounded by personality and the mind, by foc using on the advised and the unconscious entities of the human mind. Based on Freuds beliefs, ego lies at the union of all psychological processes, where human behaviour displays the emotional processes active within a individuals mind. Freuds psychoanalysis was the original psychodynamic possible action, exactly overall the psychodynamic approach includes all theories that were based on his ideas, wee-weeed by Adler (1927), Erikson (1950) and Jung (1964) (Simply psychological science (2007) online). Within aesculapian praxiss, psychodyn amic therapies rely upon a theory of inner conflict within an individual, wherein subdue behaviours and emotions come to the surface in the patients consciousness. The psychodynamic therapist would usually be using this approach to treat the patient for depression or anxiety related maladys. The greatest criticism of this approach is that it is unscientific in its analysis of human behaviour, as the theories argon subjective one hind endnot scientifically test the unconscious mind. Also, when denotation about his research it becomes clear, that his case studies focused, in detail, on individuals who were a lot middle aged women from Vienna. Thus, the psychodynamic perspective becomes unfalsifiable because the theories understructurenot be empirically investigated.Biological psychology bottomland be defined as followed the study of way and assure in scathe of inheritables, evolution, and physiology, curiously the physiology of the nervous system. (Helium (2009) online)Th us, one mass postulate that the biologic perspective uses biology as an approach to understand zoology and human demeanor. It is important to realise, in order to understand how psychology and biology chiffonier coexist, that creatures and humans comport the ability to evolve as a result of their environment in order to secure their survival. Thus, they merchantman trade to better adapt their bracing surroundings, which is an important factor.This atomic number 18a is relevant to the study of psychology in the following way. The comparative method, looks upon comparing and studying different species, which in the end bay window give us fareledge in understanding human behaviour. Physiology focuses on the nervous system, comprising brain and spinal cord, and the internal secretion system, comprising a number of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream influence intellectual processes and behaviour in humans and animals. Many biological scientists t oday believe that these structures are actually the source of conscious awareness and that they do not just shape consciousness (William throng n.k. online). One of the funda cordial biological processes, which ca-ca important implications for psychology is genetic transmission/inheritance, ie. the nature-nurture task relies firmly upon what geneticists declare revealed that buns be devoted from parents to youth, and how genetic factors give notice intermingle with environmental factors. Each of the above mentioned aspects, the comparative, the physiologic and the genetic put forward all contribute to rationaliseing human behaviour.Through research on the nervous system, scientists have been able to analyse brain functioning under a range of conditions, while to a fault being able to map its relationship to human psychology. Hence, behaviour is regarded as a result of biological and biochemical processes. It is unadorned that this perspective has expanded signifi scum bagtly in recent categorys as the technology used to study the nervous system and brain has stepwise become to a greater result(prenominal) advanced. MRI and PET scans are daily used to look at the effects of drugs, diseases and brain alter, and study its effect on cognitive functioning and ground(a) behaviour. Criticisms of this theory are, amongst others, that it often uses a reductionist approach because it specifically focuses on neurological processes. Also, it does not take other possible explanations of behaviour into account like cognitive processes or the push of the surrounding environment. The biological approach supports a number of theories that originally establish and created the physiological/biological perspective. Dualism, first used by Descartes, lay outs that the mind and consistence are separate entities, but that they interact via the pineal gland in the brain, just today most psychologists ignore this assumption. Materialism believes that the body a nd mind are the alike and further argues that all behaviour is based on physiology, because the mind appears to exist in the brain, gum olibanum all encounterings, behaviours and thoughts ultimately have a biological and physical cause. Also, they believe that behaviour has a genetic basis, because genes have evolved over millions of years to adapt behaviour to the environment. hitherdity, focuses on the biological transmission of personal characteristics from one generation of individuals to the next. inhering selection is a process resulting in the survival of those individuals from a population of animals or plants that are best adapted to the prevailing environmental conditions. The survivors tend to produce more offspring then those less well adapted, so that the characteristics of the population transform over measure, frankincense accounting for the process of evolution. (World English Dictionary (2009) onlineAs an admirer of Charles Darwins theory of evolution, Dr. Lou is Leakey believed studying chimpanzees might bring great acuteness into our own evolutionary past, and helpered fund Jane Goodalls field research with Gombe chimpanzees in 1957. here she ascertained, as expected, that chimpanzees exemplify behaviors similar to that of human cultures around the world. Adult behavior is reflected in the infants not transmitted genetically but culturally, as variations spend from one group of chimpanzees to another, like scientists assume too occurred with our distant human ancestors. (Leakey Foundation (2012) online).Chimpanzees in certain parts of West Africa crack blossom out nuts with a piece of wood. Others use a stone, or place the nuts on a wood or stone incus first. Chimps in other areas dont use any such(prenominal) tools, although theres no lack of wood, stones, or the same kinds of nuts. On the west side of the Sassandra River in the ivory Coast, nut-cracking is popular. No chimpanzees do it on the east side of the river, although th e dickens groups are closely related genetically. Researchers use such criteria to rule out the opening night that nut-cracking behavior is inheritable. (The Harvard University Gazette (1999) online)When looking upon a biological model, one whitethorn find The Medical of Abnormality model, which has been of great importance to the psychiatric commerce the past one hundred years. This model operates from the belief that mental illnesses resemble physical illnesses, thus they can adjoinly be diagnosed and treated skilful as physical illnesses are caused by disease producing germs, genetic factors, biochemical imbalances or changes to the nervous system, it is assumed that this is also true of mental illnesses. (AS psychological science (2007) online)A patient with symptoms of depression could be diagnosed with an imbalance of brain chemicals. Because this is viewed as a physical illness, cures could be medication to re-establish the balance of chemicals or in severe cases Electro Convulsive Therapy (ECT) (AS Psychology (2007). A problem with this perception of mental illnesses is that physical illnesses can rely on objective symptoms such as broken bones and blood pressure, whereas mental illnesses produce subjective symptoms, such as hearing voices and depression I am of the belief that if the patients symptoms cannot be measured, the discourse given to the patient can alone be based on a judgement of experience by the doctor, hence its general effect is questionable, as most individuals react differently to given situations, and whitethorn portray symptoms of one mental illness, but suffer from a tho un cognize mental illness.Physiologies influence on behaviorScientists have severaliseed that there are specific areas in the brain that operate special behaviors and abilities i.e. the cerebrum, frontal lobe is concerned with behaviour. Hypothalamus is in charge of sexual maturation, moods and motivation and ultimately hormonal body processes control th e pituitary gland. ThusPhysical damage to the brain (biological) can result in mental disorders (psychological). Psychological factors can be mental disorders, predispositions (which are largely biological), sense of well-being, motivation, perception, cognition, etc. (Yahoo Answers (2009) online)One of the major discussions within psychology is the nature-nurture debate, which is concerned with the extent to which particular aspects of behavior are a intersection point of either inherited (genetic/nature) or acquired (learned/nurture) characteristics (Simply Psychology (2007) online).(Simply Psychology (2007) online)As seen above, some schools of thought believe that behavior can be changed/influenced through physiological influences, where as others believe that everyone is simply born with specific behavioral traits. In studies including rats, the role of the genus Hippocampus in learning and memory has been studied. This can be achieved through surgical removal of the hippocamp us from a rats brain followed by an assessment of memory tasks by that same rat. The Maguire study (2000) used MRI technology to scan living brains, and thereby investigate the relationship between the hippocampus and memory. This MRI technique enabled the researchers to put one over lots of quantitative and objective data and they notice that the hippocampus plays an especially important role in processing and remembering spatial and contextual information short-term, which does affects behavior to some extent, when certain things can/cannot be impact or remembered. Additionally, as our noesis within genetics expands, new discoveries are do. The Human Genome Project for example has focused on tracing types of behavior to particular strands of DNA located on specific chromosomes, but studies within this field have also started with animal experiments, who have set the passage for humans the genetic mechanisms of many species (nematode worms, fruit flies, fish or mice) work in precisely the same manner as in humans, and in the mouse there are counterparts for most human genes. (Nuffieldbioethics n.k. online)Some scientists argue that much of the research in this area is very beneficial, as it can be used to diagnose and develop treatments and therapies for illnesses or problems. The main applications of the physiological approach in modern days, have been the development of anti-depressant drugs, where changing a chemical in the brain causes changes in complex emotions, and known side effects of the drugs are still an issue (Holah n.k. online). nonetheless, treatments excluding drugs and merely concentrate on the psychological aspects within depressions also exist. Some of the main treatments includeMindfulness Therapy a form of self-awareness training taken from Buddhist heedfulness meditation, focusing on mood regulation and preventing relapses and accepting things for what they are.cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) volume learn to logically look up on their negative thoughts about the world and themselves, and how these negative thoughts affect their mood. CBT perceive negative thoughts as a clothes that can be changed.Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) this area aims to change an individuals interpersonal behaviour by enabeling amendments to existing interpersonal situations and roles.Psychotherapies extended treatment where a sequester between a therapist and patient is created, alongside and appreciation and focus on the past and present, is believed to re unclutter the patients depression.Councelling here the patient is being helped with problems arising in the family or at work. If the incident is very resent, crisis counseling is sometimes used.Nerrative Therapy this area helps patients focus on their strengths in past situations and build on their resiliency rather than the nagatives. The patient describes his problems as stories, and is helped to discover how these may restrict the patient in overcoming his surdies in lif e.(Google Docs n.k. online)Underpinning concepts within the evolutionary psychology approachThe evolutionary perspective focuses on the connection between psychology and evolution, stating that the sole train of mental processes is to help survival and enable evolution (Buzzle (2011) online). This approach is strongly allied to the biological approach, as they both value the importance of biological factors.One cannot mention the word evolutionary without mentioning Charles Darwin. Although his initial aim was to underwrite the diversity of species in the world, he gradually came to realise that his theory went beyond basic biology, and he eventually set out to establish the evolutionary elements to modern human behaviour. Darwins aim was to uncover the function and structure of the mind, except the basic concept behind the theory of evolution was that all species wax from simple life forms, and these first developed more than three billion years ago, roughly 1.5 billion years after the Earth was created. The theory is based on five key observations and conclusions, which have been drawn from them1) Species have great fertility. They make more offspring than can grow to adulthood.2) Populations cover roughly the same size, with modest fluctuations.3) Food resources are limited, but are relatively constant most of the time.4) In sexually reproducing species, generally no two individuals are identical. Variation is rampant.5) Much of this variation is heritable. (Space Motion (2010) online)From reading these observations, one can argue that within environments, individiduals would have to struggle to survive, and not all their one-year-old situate out survive, thus those with the best genes and traits, are more likely to survive so their genes can be passed on to their young, and these can be carried on and combined with other strong traits from other individuals when reproducing. This is also known under the term ingrained selection, which get out be looked at further on in the paper.The moderations to Darwins evolutionary theory came after his passing, thus sociobiology came to be out of the work of evolutionary biologists in the 1960s. Edward O. Wilson (1975) attempted to explain all animal and human social behaviour in terms of evolution and a range of other biological principles. This area grueling on the evolutionary origins of behaviour, and often implied rigid genetic control. He use the principles of sociobiology and evolution to comprehend and explain the behavior of social insects and other animals, including humans, and this completed sociobiology as a new scientific field. Wilson believed that free will is an illusion, and that behaviour is a combined product of past experiences, heredity and environmental stimuli. forever since, many principles have been applied to study topics addressed by the social sciences, including psychology. Evolutionary psychologists have criticised sociobiologists for ignoring the cr ucial part the mind plays in establishing the hold fast between behaviour and genes.Thus, evolutionary Psychology is a side product of sociobiology, however it is also known under the names neo or modern Darwinism. Evolutionary psychology is a method to the psychological sciences, where results and principles evolve from cognitive sciences, neuroscience, evolutionary biology and anthropology and these areas are integrated with basic psychology to gain knowledge of human nature. Rose (2000) explainsThe declared aim of evolutionary psychology is to provide explanations for the patterns of human activity and the forms of organisation of human society which take into account the fact that humans are animals, and like all other currently living organisms, are the present-day products of some tetrad billion years of evolution (Gross, R. (2009) P.31)The purpose of evolutionary psychology is to bring the functional way of recalling about biological mechanisms (immune system) into the subject of psychology, and to approach psychological mechanisms likewise. It is closely related to biology (sociobiology), however key differences between the two are still evident, one of them being the importance of the match theory, supported by the evolutionary approach. This mismatch occurs, when organisms are suited to an hereditary environment, and are brought into a new and changed environment. For instance, more people are each year killed by guns than snakes, however majority of people have learned to tending snakes, more than lizards for instance. One reason could be that snakes were a risk to our human ancestors who lived in a Pleistocene environment, where guns did not exist. Thus, a mismatch is created between our modern environment and our learned- devotion reaction from our ancestors. Also, biological principles rely hard on the present and what can be studied today, whereas evolutionary approach compares the past with the present, hoping to uncover unknown inf ormation.Some concepts within evolutionary psychology come from general evolutionary theory, also known as evolutionary biology. For instance, what evolutionary biologists have discovered on mating and sexual behaviour, have been discovered through a range of observations and experiments on, for instance, the consequences of altering the parental investments in offspring and seeing what effect this will have on the offspring later on in life. Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, argued that the human brain functions like a computer, hence mental processes act as computational operations, thus a optical image of a spider will run away to a reaction possibly a reaction of fear of, perhaps, austere insects. Therefore evolutionary psychologists argue that human beings and some animals are biologically prepared to acquire certain kinds of fear at different times of their life span. Some scientists argue that our fear reaction to certain animals, can be remains of ancient primate ancestors, wh o evolved a fear repartee to dangerous animals, and this mechanism has been passed on to the modern human being. Additionally, we may be subject to the same reactions to snakes, as in an experiment where Rhesus monkeys who were brocaded within a laboratory showed no fear of snakes, however this changed at present after they experienced a wild Rhesus reaction when undefended to a snake (Google Docs (1998). This was also experienced in the little Albert experiment in 1920 by John B. Watson, where 9 month old Albert was subject to certain stimuli such as a rat, a monkey, a rabbit, keen newspapers and finally masks, while observing his reactions to these stimuli. To begin with he showed no signs of fear, however after Watson began to hit a piece of metal every time the boy was shown one of the animals, he came to associate the animals with the sounds, which made him cry with fear. However, one can argue that this computerised theory can be super difficult to test, because we canno t conclusively know how our ancestors reacted mentally, and therefore we cannot know to what extent we have differed in brain capability in comparison to our ancestors or similarities in fear reactions we can only assume what their mental states and reactions were like.The law that an organism can learn to associate any stimulus to any response with equal ease thrived, was supported by Pavlovs hound experiment. However this law was disproved in the 1950-60s by John Garcia and his rat experiments, where they were exposed to X-ray radiation that made then ill, and because of this they stopped drinking their sweetened water. This occurred although they did not feel the extent of the X-ray sickness until later, although Pavlov had stated that the reward/punishment should be given straight after the occurrence, for the animal to learn. Additionally, experiments that have been carried out on birds, to discover if they could separate what is good for them and what will make them sick, have illustrated that, because birds are highly visual like us humans and associate visual cues with sickness, they can learn to avoid geen food pellets (which make them sick), and eat only discolor pellets which are okay. If they were presented with pellets half-coloured geen and half-coloured colour, the birds would peck at the pellets until they split into halfs and only eat the yellow part. Thus, the experiment proved that birds are biologically cued to associate a visual cue with sickness (Google Docs (1998).Natural Selection, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and fauna TherapyDarwins theory of natural selecetion originates from a belief that conception does not always have birth as an outcome, and only a number of those who survive will dawn an age where they themselves can reproduce. An examples can be alligators, where I know from work, that from the age of 12 when a wild female will reach maturity, she will lay approximately 40 eggs a year, however out of all the eggs she will lay in a lifetime, it is estimated that only three of her young will reach maturity and conk out to reproduce. An assumption within Darwins theory is that the young who get to reproduce, will also be those with the best traits and be better adapted to the existing environment and pass on these traits thus each generation will be better adapted to the given environmental changes. An astonishing examples of adaption can be seen in H. B. D. Kettlewells observations of peppered moths in the 19th Century. Because of the industrial activity and burning of coal in England around this period, tree trunks turned from light to soothed disastrous colours and the peppered moth could not hide as easily. In 1848, reports of a new form of the peppered moth (Dark-coloured peppered moth) were made, which was darker and could easily hide on the darkened tree trunks. However in recent years, the burning of cleaner fuels have once once again changed the environment, and the peppered moth has returned in great numbers and some biologists now believe that the dark-coloured peppered moth will be extinct in England in a few decades (Miller Levine (1999) online)Natural selection also focuses on a primal instinct, where we not only physically but also mentally are challenged, where only the strongest individuals will survive. I believe that in our modern day and age, we challenge this natural process by allowing the weak to live and pass on their genes, creating a more vulnerable species, both physically and mentally. Thus, we continue to develop medicines, surgeries and therapies to hamper these issue, and try to get a greater understanding of how they came to be. Through the help of medicine and psychological therapies, one can interfere with mental states, where a therapist can help modify a patients way of though, to go against his/her primal destructive instincts.Cognitive Therapy focuses on the assumption, that mentally and the way we think about things, can be the ca use of mental health problems as phobias, which can have physical symptoms as well (nausea, stomach aches, hyperventilation etc.). Within this form of therapy the patient is made aware of what thoughts are destructive, worsening their condition, and they get a greater understanding of how their thought processes work. When these aims have been accomplished, the patient can work on changing the way he/she thinks and work on avoiding destructive thoughts. Within this field, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is found, containing traits of both Behavioural Therapy and Cognitive Therapy, thus CBT helps the patient change how they think (cognitive) and how they react to those thoughts ( behavioral), and this form of therapy is thought to be one of the most beneficial treatments for depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (NHS (2010), however Dr. Oliver James has strongly criticised CBT and has quoted Professor Drew Westons findings in 2004, that two years after treatment, two-t hirds of those who had CBT have relapsed or sought further help. (Psychminded (2009) online)Furthermore, James argues that cognitive analytic therapy and the Hoffman Process are far better alternatives than CBT, when attempting to solve problems relating to depression and anxiety, as these focus on the patients childhood and the origin of the depression/anxiety, where CBT focuses more on the here-and-now aspects of the disorders.For centuries people have been aware of the unconditional bonds that can be created between humans and animals, and pets have been used in aesculapian settings for more than 150 years, however evidence of the physical, emotional and mental benefits have not been scientifically proven until recent years. This area is now known under the term Animal Therapy, and is to some extent an desegregation of animal behaviour and cognitive therapy. The animals, such as dogs, elephants, dolphins etc., help to heal humans, young and old, physically, emotionally and ment ally. It has been proven through experiments and observations, thatHaving an animal around reduces stress, creates a relationship, helps people feel loved and needed, provides a listening ear without judgment and it can improve social skills and boost the confidence of an individual.(World Wide Health (2006) online)Recently, studies at the Research Center for Human/Animal Interaction have discovered that interacting with animals can increase peoples level of the hormone oxytocin, which help us feel happy. Also, this hormone does not only benefit us mentally but also physically, as it is part of the process when the body grows new cells. Animal Therapy can also be applied to only the animal, where animals presenting abnormal behaviour, can be helped by talks with the owners, psychological/physical training and district therapy. Abnormal and uncontrollable behaviour of pets is also a rising problem in Denmark, where it is estimated that majority of Danish pet owners have encountered problems with their pets behaviour. In a study carried out in 2000-2001, a range of pet owners were asked if they had encountered behavioural problems with their dogs, and 28% answered yes, where 17% stated that they had previously encountered problems. Furthermore, vetenarian Jrgen Mikkelsen estimates that each year 1 / 4 of all the dogs being euthanized in Denmark (roughly 200 danish clinics), were because of behavioural problems, and 2 / 5 of the dogs never reached the age of 3. Therefore a rough estimate concludes that 10-15.000 dogs are euthanized every year in Denmark because of behavioural problems (Dansk Veterinrtidsskrift (2006) online). However, animal therapy is gaining more and more ground in Denmark, and more clinics are opened within the country, proving that people are seeking this form of treatment more than before, and the awareness of the animals needs are more widely accepted, advance a closer animal-human bond.The relationship between scientific research and ps ychology as a disciplineEventually psychology was accepted as a science, although its subject matter was restricted. In the late 1950s and other(a) 1960s, attention was placed upon mental processes and the mind. Behaviourists focused on observing phenomenon, where psychologists difficult on studying the mental processes used to retrieve, store and acquire knowledge. Although mental processes cannot be observed as such, evidence can be gained by using a number of tests concerned with memory, perception and problem solving. Here cognitive psychology becomes of great importance, as it studies mental processes such as intelligence, memory, perception and thought.Because psychology operates with what cannot always be seen, at least in the past before we invented ways of discovering brain activities and their reactions to the surroundings we can see (MRI scans). Part of this has helped psychology become a scientific field, because it can be observed, measured and compared. Without this bond, psychology would never have been accepted as a science, and areas which are being researched today (for instance physiologies influence on behaviour), would never have existed or been made possible, and would have limited the ongoing knowledge that we posses within this area today. Also, medicine and biology have benefitted from the merger, as mental illnesses have been identified through psychological practices and treatments have been found. Many mental illnesses are approached with medicine as well as therapy, illustrating this merger in reality.Traditional and historical theories within psychology have all undergone changes end-to-end history, when knowledge has been gained in common ground areas, or new psychologists have decided to approach the matter from different angles. Darwins theory of evolution was challenged by believers, who approached evolutionary psychology from different views, which, as mentioned previously has resulted in sociobiology, physiological psycho logy and biology psychology, amongst others. I believe that therapies as mentioned above, can be perceived as a result of Darwin, Tinbergen, Lorenz Karl von Frisch, Wilson and Trivers, amongst others, theories which have influenced and challenged each other, and resulted in treatments and knowledge which benefits this branch of modern psychology, as illustrated in the number of therapies offered to patients today.Specialisms where integration is evidentSpecialisms where integration is evident in practice is for instance evolutionary psychology, which is a combination of evolutionary as well as cogn

Self assessments in leadership

Self assessments in attr challengeshipThis assignment comprised of five essays based on the completion of self-assessments on (1) Self- cartel, (2) Leader-Member Exchange, (3) religion in petabyte, (4) chisel Affect, and (5) Motivation to Lead.Self Confidence. The innovation of this assessment is to assess a film generalized self-efficacy.thither be many reasons a leader take aim assertion because being a leader is a very backbreaking air. According to pierce and Newstrom (2008), leaders mustinessiness know their worth and verify themselves with pass by away letting their ego, or image get in the way. To master this, leaders must ask self-confidence by acting confidently and have it away their fears, and avoid thinking in terms of perfection and imperfection.The leading self-assessment is to squ be leaders styles and effectiveness. Many factors were dramatizen into consideration in this self-assessment that holded for positive and true-to-life(prenomina l) perception when evaluating leading abilities. This self-assessment was characterized by mortalal attributes such(prenominal) as assertiveness, optimism, enthusiasm, walk oution, pride, independence, trust, and the capability to handle criticism and emotional maturity.The cross out on this self-assessment ranged from 1 by dint of 7, with one indicating the statement is self-coloredly disagreed, and 7 indicating that the statement is in knock-down(prenominal) agreement. An over solely score of 6 or greater indicates a strong sense of self-efficacy with the heightsest score being a 7. There were seven or soteen questions on this self-assessment. On the question of reservation visualizes work, a score of seven out of a total score of 7 was achieved by this rootage. When faced with nasty situations, a score of 4 was achieved out of a total of 7 on this question. On this self-assessment this author achieved an boilers suit score of 5.3 which is close to the gamey o f six that is coiffure for this assessment.According to the criteria set for this assessment and in interpret the score, it was identified that the one area that regards proceeds is with handling rough situations. This area fanny be improved by create on self-confidence. According to Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) self-confidence plays an classic role in decision making and in gaining trust. There are dickens main things that contribute to self-confidence that gage help, and they are self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Self-efficacy is gained when mastering skills and achieving goals that matter in the skilled areas. By learning and working hard in a partlyicular area, succeeder allow for be achieved. This is the type of confidence that leads bulk to accept tricky challenges, and persist in the face of setbacks.This overlaps with the idea of self-esteem, which in a more than general sense takes place when coping with whats going on in a persons life, and the right to be h appy. In part, this comes from a feeling that the passel around us approve of us, which we may or may non be able to control. It also comes from the sense that we are behaving virtuously, and are sufficient at what we do, and that we tooshie compete successfully.The natural process get up that is being set to goal unavoidable ontogeny, to improve on this situation, is to take stock of the throw, address and focus on the future. A commitment to starting this action plan and staying with it must be achieved so that the emergencyed harvest-tide burn down be realized. In preparing for this journey, a look at what have already been achieved is requirement. To accomplish this, listing the ten best things that was achieved in an achievement log is needed. Among both(prenominal) of the things that should be noned in the achievement log are such things as whether a get a line role in an important police squad project was accomplished whether an achievement was r from each oneed in producing the best sales figures in a period whether something that made a key difference in someone elses life took place, or whether delivery of a project that meant a lot for the company was accomplished. These are some of the things that should be listed. This list should and then be critical reviewed often and time should be spent each calendar week enjoying the success that was achieved, so that approachs depart be built to further the ontogeny of this success.An separate technique that should be used to address needed growth is to use the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis. The SWOT analysis can be used to take a look at strengths and weaknesses, and from this, consider the opportunities and threats that are being faced. This will lead to thinking near whats important, and what direction to take. Once this is accomplished, goals must be set which must be measured by success. By striking on the targeted goals that are set, and c oupled with self-confidence, key factors in enhancing growth areas will eventually be achieved.The leadership self-assessment is very helpful in identifying areas that are needed for improvement since these areas directly relate to leadership growth. interpret the scores provide an awareness of a leaders worth because every leader must know their worth and trust them without letting their ego or image get in the way. This is one area that take improvement because recognizing a leaders strengths will help to compensate for any weaknesses. The need to have the capacity to distinguish between perceived skills, and what the seam requires are important as well. The findings from the self-assessment will help in recognizing areas that need improvement to invoke a leaders ability which will lead to enough an outstanding leader. This will result in sound decision making, planning, organizing, directing, and commanding by the leader.Leader-Member ExchangeThis self-assessment is to asse ss the leader-member sub race. Seven statements were provided that required the colleague in a group to think of a situation for which in that reckon is a leader and indicate the degree to which there is agreement, or disagreement.The character of this assessment is to determine trust in leadership and aggroup performance. There are three aspects of leadership that are explored in this assessment, fairness, trust, and estimable behavior.A score of 6 or greater indicates that there is a mettlesome quality leader-member exchange human relationship with the leader. A low score of two or slight suggests that there is a low quality leader-member exchange relationship with the leader. On this self-assessment this author scored 6.5 out of a total of 7.The score that was achieved on this self-assessment suggests that this author, the retainer, has a high-quality leader-member exchange relationship with the leader. This score has affiliated to key concepts that are presented in the text. For example, recent evidence conducted by Wayne, Shore, Linden, 1997, suggests that followers who accognition a high quality leader-member evidence exchange relationship may help their leader by carrying out their required role activities and by engaging in good citizenship behaviors. The follower will go beyond their expected role requirements in exchange for the benefits provided by the leader in the exchange process.The action plan that is set to address needed growth areas is to seek out probing questions, such as what exacts a follower unique in the organization, and identify any accomplishments that will make the follower proud of. Reflecting on the most important work-related set, and figuring out values that are met, and those that are not met, will help improve needed growth areas. Probing questions that should be taken into consideration such as whether working with people, data, things, or ideas are satisfying, will help in identifying which motley would be most satisfying for a follower and why when building growth areas.Since performance reviews are based on past performance, and attached to a supervisors view on an employee, reflecting on the last performance review will help in improving on growth areas that need to be strengthened. To enhance on growth areas, asking good probing questions, and avoiding ones that give only yes, or no answers will assist. This will allow the best way to gain a deeper understanding of what really matters to an employer. functional application to individual leadership growth The self-assessment focused on the leader-follower relationship. It introduces the concepts of fairness, trust, and honorable behavior. The self-assessment also focused on leadership as a relationship between leader and follower and extends the leader-member exchange theory to consider issues of organisational justice.The findings on this self-assessment, based on the cores, showed whether trust prints team performance, and w hether trust in leadership mediates the relationship between past and future team performance. A score of 6.5 shows that this author has a high quality leader-member exchange relationship with the leader.The lesson learned from taking this self-assessment shows that part of leadership is observational learning make by the low-levels, and it is important that ethical values and conduct are demo at all times. This will help with leadership growth because overall, leaders are expected to be honest, considerate of followers, fair in decisions, and make decisions based on ethics but none of these aspects constitute ethical leadership by themselves. Gaining experience working in a highly ethical organization can help contribute to ethical leadership characteristics that are carried with the leader from one organization to another. This will be employ in any job that calls for leadership qualities.Trust in leadThe purpose of this self-assessment is to evaluate trust in leadership and team performance. Trust can be defined as an expectation or judgement that one can rely on another persons actions and words that the person has good intentions. Trust in leadership is meaningful because the leader typically has the most formal power on the team, ca development others to be unguarded to him or her.The self-assessment was based on a score of 1 through 7 with one reflecting that there is strong disagreement with the statement and seven indicating strong agreement. A score of six and in a higher place reflects a high direct of trust in leadership and team performance. There were 9 questions. The overall score on this self-assessment was an 8.2 reflecting that most team members trust and respect their leader. This author scored an 8.The interpretation of this self-assessment score shows that there is a high level of trust in leadership and team performance. This self-assessment provides an awareness that trust in leadership is important. This awareness allows the t eam to be willing to accept the leaders activities, goals, and decisions, and working hard to achieve them will be their ultimate goal.This self-assessment is connected to key concepts presented in the text because trust in leadership has a positive effect on team performance. Trust in leadership mediates the relationship between past team performance and future team performance. Trust in leadership allows the team members to suspend their questions, doubts, and personal motives and or else throw themselves into working toward team goals.Specific plan of action that needs to be addressed is to identify and enhance growth areas by ascertaining ones present position. This growth area can be enhanced by using a variety of tools including interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, and data that are already acquirable inside the organization. Once the data is collected, it can be used as a benchmark from which to establish short-term, and long-term goals, and objectives for relationship , trust, and team performance.The score, interpretation, and action plan on this self-assessment will be used to enhance and improve leadership skills because as a leader, one of the main priorities is to get the job done, whatsoever the job is. The findings on this self-assessment will be used to make things hand by knowing what the objectives are and having a plan of action on how to achieve them. This can be done by building a team committed to achieving the objectives and helping each team member give their best efforts. A leader must know their strengths and weaknesses, so that they can build the best team around them.4. Job Affect The job affect evaluation is designed to measure mood at work.The purpose of this assessment is to determine how people felt at work, while on the job during the past week. Mood at work, as assessed here is a state-based condition. Therefore, as a state-based condition, people can express different moods, depending upon the state to which they are exposed. On the other hand, mood can be comparatively stable across emotional states and across time.Achieving a sore of quartet and greater on this assessment implies a high level of affect and a score of two or less imply a low level of affect. This authors overall score was a four.The job affect assessment is designed to measure mood at work and to decrypt how people felt at work while on the job during the past week. Since this evaluation is a state based condition, people can express different moods, depending upon their state to which they are exposed. Mood can be relatively stable across emotional situations and across time. According to Pierce and Newstrom (2007), leaders who have strong positive affect are characterized as possessing an air of confidence, competency, and optimism. Leaders with strong positive affect transfer their muscle to others and to be characterized as leaders of cohesive, productive work groups.The action plan to address needed growth areas specif ically comes from confidence. Leaders are more likely to be assertive, decisive, and emotionally stable if they have self confidence. Confidence in self plays an important role in decision-making and in gaining others trust.To enhance growth areas, leaders need to have cognitive ability to formulate suitable strategies, solve problems, and make correct decisions. trenchant leaders must have great knowledge about the company, industry, and technical matters. Industry knowledge and aspects of self-confidence can be developed through experience and information. value of traits corresponding to leadership will be implemented. Traits such as crusade that leads to achieve more, become ambitious, show and energy, tenacity and initiative are all qualities that need to be developed and nurtured to be a successful leader.Interpreting and evaluating the scores on this job affect self-assessment will help and can be used to improve leadership growth in such areas as traits, skills, and behav ior. Since effective leadership is essential in increasing organisational performance, leadership success in todays competitive environment requires the combination of leadership traits, skills and behavior, and the understanding of how these elements interact in the leaders role. Leadership development is not universal instead, leadership development programs must be tailored to each organization. These findings can be used to invest in leadership training and development that will enhance the competencies and capabilities of existing leaders, ensure leaders have the ability to effectively resolve competitive and economic challenges, and help leaders inspire and engage the organization and its management team to enhance overall business performance.5. Motivation to Lead This self-assessment focuses on motivation to lead.According to Kirpatick and Locke (1991), leadership motivation involves the desire to influence and lead others, and is often equated with the need for power. mas ses with high leadership motivation think a lot about influencing other people, winning an argument, or being the greater authority. Many people prefer to be in a leadership rather than subordinate role, and this assessment will help leaders know whether they have the ability to be a good leader.Achieving a score of 6 and above for each of the three motivations-to lead dimensions indicates a strong motivation to lead based on that factor. A sore of two or less indicates a weak motivation to lead based on the undertake factor. The highest score is a 7 and the lowest a one. On this assessment, this author scored a 4.6 on the affective identify-based motivation to lead. On the non-calculative-based motivation to lead a score of 4 was achieved and a score of 4.8 was obtained on societal normative based motivation to lead.An average score of 4.5 was achieved indicating that this author has the traits necessary to become a leader. According to Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991), leadership tr aits are important preconditions braggart(a) an individual the potential to be an effective leader. Traits are an important part of the picture, although each trait accounted for a small portion of the criterion variance. Leadership is proactive rather than passive in nature and while a leaders traits are important tools, the traits must fit the situation.Specific action plan needed to address growth areas in motivating a leader, and key traits that need strengthening were identified in this self-evaluation. Traits such as drive, desire to lead, honesty/integrity, self-confidence, cognitive ability, and knowledge of the business are important traits that need to be strengthened. Other possible characteristics of effective leaders that should be considered for improvement will be charisma, creativity, originality, flexibility, and adaptiveness. Industry knowledge and aspects of self-confidence can be developed through experience and training. Honesty does not require skill-building because it is a virtue that one achieves or rejects by choice.According to Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991), disregarding if leaders are born or made or some combination of both, it is clear that leaders are not like other people. Leaders do not have to be great men, or intellectual geniuses. While a leaders traits are important tools, the traits must fit the situation, for instance a strong relationship between news show and leadership exists because a person does not emerge as a leader simply by possessing key leadership traits.Confidence in the self plays an important role in decision-making. By gaining others trust and create self-confidence, leaders are more likely to be assertive, decisive, and emotionally stable. Effective leaders must be proactive. They must make choices and take action that will lead to change instead of reacting to events or waiting for things to happen. They must show a high level of initiative..